prewriting 1

What are the effects of using artificial sweeteners?

Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute
Synthetic food addictive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste, usually with less food energy is called artificial sweeteners. Some of them are known as high-intensity sweeteners, which are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose. Artificial sweeteners sometimes have notably different mouthfeel to sucrose. In the US, six intensely sweet sugar substitutes have been approved for use. They are stevia, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame potassium, and saccharin (stevia is not artificial). The artificial sweeteners are increasingly used in food industry due to several reasons, such as weight loss, dental care, diabetes mellitus, reactive hypoglycemia, avoiding processed foods, and cost reduction.

National cancer institute
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/artificial-sweeteners
The five proved artificial sweeteners are tested by FDA that they are not associated with. However, the questions and doubts never stopped. Studies in laboratory rats during the early 1970s linked saccharin with the development of bladder cancer. But because the bladder tumors seen in rats are due to a mechanism not relevant to humans and because there is no clear evidence that saccharin causes cancer in humans, saccharin is still widely using. There are similar questions for Aspatame.

Harvard Health Publications from Harvard Medical school
http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030
People who use artificial sweeteners may replace the lost calories through other sources, possibly offsetting weight loss or health benefits, People who routinely use artificial sweeteners may start to find less intensely sweet foods, such as fruit, less appealing and unsweet foods, such as vegetables, downright unpalatable. Whether non-nutritive sweeteners are safe depends on your definition of safe. The FDA focuses on the association with cancer, but there are also other potential bad influences of those proved artificial sweeteners.

Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/
In a statistical view, artificial sweeteners contributed to the increasing rate of obesity. Preload experiments generally have found that sweet taste, whether delivered by sugar or artificial sweeteners, enhanced human appetite. Glucose preload reduced the perceived pleasantness of sucrose, but aspartame did not. Glucose and sucrose can decrease the energy intake at the test meal, but artificial sweetener preloads either had no effect or increased subsequent energy intake. Those could be explained by neuronal responses.